Summer is arriving early this year due to climate change, increasing the risk of heat stroke. The human body maintains a normal temperature of 97°–99°F, as our cells function best within this range. When overheated, the body requires more water to sweat and cool down. At 104°F, symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, cramps, weakness, and dehydration. At 105°F or higher, cellular proteins begin to break down, causing confusion, unconsciousness, and potentially permanent brain damage or death. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are critical to recovery.
Heat stroke comes in two forms. Exertional heat stroke can affect anyone overexerting on a hot day, particularly the young who tend to dismiss early symptoms. Non-exertional heat stroke affects those with diminished temperature regulation, including the elderly, very young, chronically ill, or those on medications that inhibit sweating. Risk factors include dehydration (the most reversible), sleep deprivation, lack of acclimatization, no air conditioning, prior heat stroke, and use of antihistamines, diuretics, blood pressure or heart medications, or antidepressants.
Fortunately, heat stroke is preventable. Drink plenty of water even without thirst, stay in air conditioning, and wear loose, lightweight, light-colored clothing. Avoid strenuous activity between 10am and 4pm, take frequent breaks, remove helmets when possible, and cool down with showers. Cooling is the most vital step in both prevention and treatment. Speak with your doctor about any medications that may increase your risk, but do not stop taking any medication on your own. Stay cool this summer.
